Introduction to Organic Chemistry

1. What is Organic Chemistry? Organic chemistry deals mainly with compounds made of carbon (C) and usually hydrogen (H), along with elements like oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, and halogens. Why carbon? Carbon can form 4 bonds (tetravalency) It can create chains, branches, and rings This leads to millions of compounds 2. Types of Organic Compounds Hydrocarbons (only C and H) Alkanes → single bonds (e.g., methane) Alkenes → double bonds Alkynes → triple bonds Functional Groups These determine chemical behavior: Alcohol → –OH Carboxylic acid → –COOH Aldehyde → –CHO Ketone → C=O Amine → –NH₂ Example: Ethanol (alcohol) vs Acetic acid (acid) behave very differently 3. Structure & Bonding Organic molecules are based on covalent bonding Shape depends on hybridization: sp³ → tetrahedral (like methane) sp² → trigonal planar (like ethene) sp → linear (like ethyne) 4. Isomerism (same formula, different structure) Structural isomers → different arrangement Stereoisomers → same bonds, different 3D shape Example: cis-trans isomers 5. Organic Reactions Main types: Addition → adds atoms (alkenes → alkanes) Substitution → replace atoms Elimination → remove atoms to form double bonds Rearrangement 6. Reaction Mechanisms (basic idea) Nucleophile → electron-rich (attacks) Electrophile → electron-poor (gets attacked) Example: SN1, SN2 reactions (substitution) E1, E2 reactions (elimination) 7. Importance of Organic Chemistry Organic chemistry is everywhere: Medicines (e.g., Paracetamol) Cosmetics & soaps Fuels (petrol, diesel) Biology (DNA, proteins, carbohydrates) Plastics & polymers

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