Posts

PHARMACOLOGY:

Image
PHARMACOLOGY: Pharmacology is a scientific discipline dedicated to understanding how various substances interact with living systems. It explores the intricate ways chemicals, particularly drugs, affect biological processes within the body, from the molecular level to whole organisms. This interdisciplinary field draws upon biology, chemistry, physiology, and medicine. This field encompasses the study of drug sources, their chemical properties, and their biological effects, including both beneficial therapeutic uses and potential adverse reactions. Ultimately, pharmacology aims to uncover the precise mechanisms by which drugs produce their effects, setting the foundation for medical advancements. DRUG-BODY INTEARACTION: Understanding how drugs interact with the body involves two primary scientific areas: pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics. Pharmacodynamics describes what the drug does to the body, focusing on the molecular and physiological effects of drugs and their mechanisms of ...
Post a Comment
Read more

STRUCTURE OF ATOM:

Image
The Structure of the Atom: Atoms are made up of particles called protons, neutrons, and electrons, which are responsible for the mass and charge of atoms. An atom is composed of two regions: the nucleus, which is in the center of the atom and contains protons and neutrons, and the outer region of the atom, which holds its electrons in orbit around the nucleus. Protons and neutrons have approximately the same mass, about 1.67 × 10-24 grams, which scientists define as one atomic mass unit (amu) or one Dalton. Each electron has a negative charge (-1) equal to the positive charge of a proton (+1). Neutrons are uncharged particles found within the nucleus. Key Terms: atom: The smallest possible amount of matter which still retains its identity as a chemical element, consisting of a nucleus surrounded by electrons. proton: Positively charged subatomic particle forming part of the nucleus of an atom and determining the atomic number of an element. It weighs 1 amu. neutron: A subatomic par...
Post a Comment
Read more

Introduction to Organic Chemistry

Image
1. What is Organic Chemistry? Organic chemistry deals mainly with compounds made of carbon (C) and usually hydrogen (H), along with elements like oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, and halogens. Why carbon? Carbon can form 4 bonds (tetravalency) It can create chains, branches, and rings This leads to millions of compounds 2. Types of Organic Compounds Hydrocarbons (only C and H) Alkanes → single bonds (e.g., methane) Alkenes → double bonds Alkynes → triple bonds Functional Groups These determine chemical behavior: Alcohol → –OH Carboxylic acid → –COOH Aldehyde → –CHO Ketone → C=O Amine → –NH₂ Example: Ethanol (alcohol) vs Acetic acid (acid) behave very differently 3. Structure & Bonding Organic molecules are based on covalent bonding Shape depends on hybridization: sp³ → tetrahedral (like methane) sp² → trigonal planar (like ethene) sp → linear (like ethyne) 4. Isomerism (same formula, different structure) Structural isomers → different arrangement Stereoisom...
Post a Comment
Read more
Image
Nervous System Classification  
Post a Comment
Read more
Image
CVS Drug Classification  
Post a Comment
Read more
Image
  PPIs Comparison
Post a Comment
Read more